なぜか、今回の日本訳が荒くて、肩苦しく感じます。ごめんなさい。
For some reason, my translation feels stiff -- rough -- on this. My apologies.
We started with the pictures on p. 64 and the vocabulary and grammar for talking about how we respond to them, from element 2. After a bit of practicing as a class, and with our neighbors, we listened to track 1.39 and decided who was talking about which picture.
64ページの絵と自分の反応について話できる、要素２の単語と文法から始めました。クラス全体で、また隣同士練習したりしてから、トラック 1.39 を聞いて、誰がどちらの絵について話しているかを考えました。
Then we moved back to the homework on p. 58, elements 2 through 5 -- looking more at words that are similar, but not the same.
それから、宿題だった 58ページの要素２〜５に戻ってまた意味の似ていてもちょっと違う単語を見ました。
After that, we went to the pictures on p. 63 and talked about the activities in the box in element 2a. We checked which activities use which helping verbs, play, go, do, or none.
その後、 63ページの絵を見て要素 2a の活動を見て、 play, go, do のどちらの助動詞、また、どれでも使わないかを確認しました。
From there, we looked at the three definitions of "being creative" in element 4b of p. 64 and tried to decide as a class which we agreed with. Most of us partly agreed and partly disagreed with all three.
その次は 64ページの要素 4bの "being creative" （創造的・独創的になること）の定義を見て、同意できるかどうかをクラス全体で考えました。大抵は、ある程度同意、ある意味では同意できても、完全には同意できないと思ったそうです。
We listened to track 1.40 and, as a class, identified who said which phrases in element 5b on p. 65.
トラック 1.40 を皆で聴いて、クラス全体で 65ページの要素 5b の誰が何の文を告げたかを解決しました。
We also listened to track 1.41, as suggested in element 8, and practiced the "v" sound followed directly by the "b" sound.
そして要素 8 の提案にしたがってトラック 1.41 を聴いて "v" の直後 "b" の発音がくる単語を練習しました。
Then we picked our favorite activities from p. 63 element 2 and made sentences explaining why they were creative. After writing about three sentences pro, we took the con point of view and wrote more sentences explaining why or under what conditions the activities would not be creative. The two most common topics were music and cooking.
63ページの要素 2 の自分の好きな活動を選んで、その活動が創造的（独創的）になるわけを説く文章を作文しました。大体３文を書いたら、反対の視線から、つまり創造的ではないことや創造的ではなくなる場面や状況を説く文章を作文しました。一番共通に選ばれたトピックは音楽とお料理でした。
Then we decided what the homework would be:
それから皆で宿題を決めました。
We will have debates next lesson on these two topics, music and cooking, as to whether they are creative or not.
次回はこの二つのトピックの音楽またはお料理を取り上げて、創造的（独創的）なのかどうかを討論します。
Each student should choose one topic and prepare six sentences, three sentences for each side of the debate, whether the topic represents a creative activity or not.
どちらかを選んで、六つの文章、つまり討論の両側それぞれを説く３つずつを作文して来てください。詰まり、創造的であることを説く三つも、創造的ではないことを説く三つも作って来てください。
We'll choose sides and practice before presenting the debate next time.
次回、討論の側を決めてから練習して、討論を発表します。
Check out the sample debate, too.
討論例もご確認ください。
Don't think too hard about this. We aren't really trying to prove anything. We want to keep the debate fun.
あまり考え過ぎないでください。何んの議論も立証するつもりありません。楽しく話し合えるなら、それでよろしい。
Then those who could, stayed after and had some snacks and drinks (thanks again to those who brought them) and talked.
それで、残れた方だけでおやつをつまんだり、ジュースを飲んだり、話ばなししました。（持ってきてくれた方に感謝しています。）
Everyone have a happy new year. I look forward to seeing you all again.
皆さまはよいお年を、お迎えできますように。また次回を、よろしく。
Tuesday, December 24, 2013
Saturday, December 21, 2013
Zero and First Conditionals -- 第０や第一条件付き文 (updated)
The first thing that you should understand is that the concept of zero, first, second, and third conditionals is not universally accepted as grammatically useful. That said, let's try to understand the concept.
先ずは、学問者の中には、この "zero/first/second/third conditional" と言う概念を利用しない学問者がいます。それを置いて、この概念を理解してみましょう。
(I'll keep working on this.)
First conditionals are what you usually think of when you think of the word, "if":
大体、 "if" という言葉を考えると、この「第一条件文」のことです。
一般に、
If {condition} [then] {result}.
もし｛選択肢｝［を満たせば］｛結果｝
"If" introduces the conditions, and then you state the results or consequences. Both the conditions and the results/consequences are considered occurring in the future. Thus a first conditional presents a choice that can be taken or set aside.
"If" からは条件の選択肢、その後は結果を云う。選択肢も結果も将来にくるとします。したがって、第一条件文は選択肢があって、その選択肢をとることもやめることもできます。
In a second conditional sentence, the condition is hypothetical, generally a condition believed to be false:
第二条件文では、条件は理論上の条件です。その上、条件を満たしていないと思われるのが普通です。
条件の動詞が過去形ですが、現在を説明しているのです。想定の結果は現在か将来にあったはずに思われる。
In a third conditional sentence, the hypothetical condition is in the past, and the result should have been either past or present.
第三条件文では、条件が過去に在って、結果は過去か現在に在ったはず。
第二も第三条件文も、実は理論の誤謬（失敗した理論）の発言です。要因になるかどうかが解明できない事情に関係を見つけるつもりです。
Zero conditionals are statements of rules using conditional grammar. (Validity is a separate question.)
第零条件文は、条件文を使ってルール（法則）の言明を告げるつもりです。（妥当性は別の問題です。）
授業に取り上げた例をもう一度見てみましょう。
-----------------------------
Unless I help you, I can't expect you to help me.
助けてあげなければ、助けてもらうのは期待できないでしょう。
(It's a rule more than a choice. -- Zero conditional?)
I'll buy a new jet as soon as I win the lottery.
宝くじを当たれば、すぐジェット飛行機を買います。
(Winning the lottery really isn't a choice, but it's presented as one. First conditional?)
（宝くじを当たることは無いけど、この文章ではあり得るように云っています。）
I'll study this weekend if my friend doesn't call.
その友人からの連絡が無い場合、週末は勉強します。
(First conditional.)
If you eat too much candy, you'll catch a cold.
飴チャンを食いすぎると風邪をひくのよ。
(Zero conditional.)
If there is enough time before classes, I'll swim five kilometers.
クラスとクラスの間に時間が充分在れば、5キロメートル泳ぐんだ。
(First conditional.)
I'll go on holiday next month unless we can't finish this report.
この報告書を完成できない場合に限って、来月は休暇を取ります。
(First conditional.)
I'll change my mind when the moon turns to green cheese.
お月様がグリーンチーズに変わったらこの決断をやめる。
(Zero conditional.)
----------------------
But, as you can see, much depends on point of view and ways of thinking. Most of the above could be interpreted differently.
ご覧の通り、視線や考え方によるものがけっこうあります。以上の文は以上の解釈意外の解釈もあります。
The purpose in looking at these is to understand that conditional grammar can be used for other things than options.
この概念を見るのは、条件文は選択肢以外に利用できることを理解するためです。
先ずは、学問者の中には、この "zero/first/second/third conditional" と言う概念を利用しない学問者がいます。それを置いて、この概念を理解してみましょう。
(I'll keep working on this.)
First conditionals are what you usually think of when you think of the word, "if":
大体、 "if" という言葉を考えると、この「第一条件文」のことです。
If you study hard today, I'll let you watch Gintama tonight.Generalizing,
もし、今日、しっかりと勉強してくれるなら、今夜は銀魂を見てもいい。
一般に、
If {condition} [then] {result}.
もし｛選択肢｝［を満たせば］｛結果｝
"If" introduces the conditions, and then you state the results or consequences. Both the conditions and the results/consequences are considered occurring in the future. Thus a first conditional presents a choice that can be taken or set aside.
"If" からは条件の選択肢、その後は結果を云う。選択肢も結果も将来にくるとします。したがって、第一条件文は選択肢があって、その選択肢をとることもやめることもできます。
In a second conditional sentence, the condition is hypothetical, generally a condition believed to be false:
第二条件文では、条件は理論上の条件です。その上、条件を満たしていないと思われるのが普通です。
If I understood math better, I could get into eXtremely Famous University.The verb in the condition clause is past tense, but it describes the present. The assumed result should be present or future.
もし、数学理解がこれほど不足していないモノではなかったら、極名大学に入れるのではないのか。
条件の動詞が過去形ですが、現在を説明しているのです。想定の結果は現在か将来にあったはずに思われる。
In a third conditional sentence, the hypothetical condition is in the past, and the result should have been either past or present.
第三条件文では、条件が過去に在って、結果は過去か現在に在ったはず。
If I had turned left instead of right, I wouldn't be lost right now.Second and third conditionals are actually assertions of logical fallacies, trying to establish causal relationships to things that aren't necessarily so.
たとえ、右ではなく、左に曲がったとしたら、今は迷っていませんでしょう。
第二も第三条件文も、実は理論の誤謬（失敗した理論）の発言です。要因になるかどうかが解明できない事情に関係を見つけるつもりです。
Zero conditionals are statements of rules using conditional grammar. (Validity is a separate question.)
第零条件文は、条件文を使ってルール（法則）の言明を告げるつもりです。（妥当性は別の問題です。）
If you get up early, you can make it to school on time.So, let's look at some of the examples I presented in class:
早く起きたら学校に間に合うでしょう。
授業に取り上げた例をもう一度見てみましょう。
-----------------------------
Unless I help you, I can't expect you to help me.
助けてあげなければ、助けてもらうのは期待できないでしょう。
(It's a rule more than a choice. -- Zero conditional?)
I'll buy a new jet as soon as I win the lottery.
宝くじを当たれば、すぐジェット飛行機を買います。
(Winning the lottery really isn't a choice, but it's presented as one. First conditional?)
（宝くじを当たることは無いけど、この文章ではあり得るように云っています。）
I'll study this weekend if my friend doesn't call.
その友人からの連絡が無い場合、週末は勉強します。
(First conditional.)
If you eat too much candy, you'll catch a cold.
飴チャンを食いすぎると風邪をひくのよ。
(Zero conditional.)
If there is enough time before classes, I'll swim five kilometers.
クラスとクラスの間に時間が充分在れば、5キロメートル泳ぐんだ。
(First conditional.)
I'll go on holiday next month unless we can't finish this report.
この報告書を完成できない場合に限って、来月は休暇を取ります。
(First conditional.)
I'll change my mind when the moon turns to green cheese.
お月様がグリーンチーズに変わったらこの決断をやめる。
(Zero conditional.)
----------------------
But, as you can see, much depends on point of view and ways of thinking. Most of the above could be interpreted differently.
ご覧の通り、視線や考え方によるものがけっこうあります。以上の文は以上の解釈意外の解釈もあります。
The purpose in looking at these is to understand that conditional grammar can be used for other things than options.
この概念を見るのは、条件文は選択肢以外に利用できることを理解するためです。
Friday, December 20, 2013
Christmas Party!
We do have permission to stay after class this time for a Christmas party! We can use the room for an extra half an hour or so.
Snacks and drinks are allowed. You should bring your own and maybe some to share. (I can't eat most snacks, so I hope you'll pardon me for abstaining.)
Of course we must be careful not to be messy, and to clean up after ourselves.
I'll bring lyrics to some Christmas songs.
Look forward to seeing you all!
Snacks and drinks are allowed. You should bring your own and maybe some to share. (I can't eat most snacks, so I hope you'll pardon me for abstaining.)
Of course we must be careful not to be messy, and to clean up after ourselves.
I'll bring lyrics to some Christmas songs.
Look forward to seeing you all!
Thursday, December 19, 2013
Words with Similar Meanings (Money) -- （お金関連）似た意味の単語
Junpei likes credit cards because he can use them without thinking. If he doesn't have enough money in the bank account, he can pay it back later, with interest. Credit cards are especially useful when buying midnight snacks, he says.
純平はクレジットカードを考えずに使えるのが楽に思っています。銀行の口座に十分のお金がなければ、後で返せばいいです。利子が付きすが。得に便利なのは、真夜中のおやつを買うときだと言っています。
Junko prefers debit cards because they don't incur interest. Also, because she has to put the money in before she uses the card, it helps her plan her use of money.
純子はデビットカード利子が付かないのが好きです。それに、カードを使う前にお金を先に入れる必要は、お金を計画的に使うのを助けるのです。
Junko bought a new dress at BiQlo with her debit card. The store gave her a receipt. The receipt says that she has paid for the dress.
純子、デビットカードを使ってバイクローで新しいドレスを買いました。お店にリシート（領収書）をもらいました。リシートは支払い済みになっていることを示しています。
Junpei bought a new laptop computer at Photobashiya Camera with his credit card. The store gave him a receipt, but fterwards he got a bill from the credit card company. The bill says that he must pay for the computer.
純平はクレジットカードを使って新しいラップトップコンピュータをフォト橋屋キャメラで買いました。お店にリシートをもらいましたが、その後はクレジットカード会社から請求書をもらいました。請求書は払わないといけないことを示しています。
Junpei went to London and bought a sandwich with a hundred euro note. He received a ten euro note, a five euro note, and fifty cent (euro) coin and a one cent (euro) coin in change.
純平はロンドン市に行って、百ユロー札を出したサンドウィッチを買いました。セントは百分の一です。この英語から、両替は何ユローでした？
Junko went to Hawaii and bought a sandwich with a twenty dollar bill. She received a ten dollar bill, a five dollar bill, and a half dollar (US) coin and a one cent (US) coin in change.
純子はハワイに行って、２０ドル札を出してサンドウィッチを買いました。この英語から、おつりは何ドルでした？
Junko drove from Tokyo to Osaka in six hours. She was caught speeding by the police near Itami city and had to pay a large fine.
純子は車に乗って、６時間で東京から大阪まで行きました。伊丹市の近辺に、速度違反で警察に捕まえられ、大罰金を払わないとダメでした。
Junpei road the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka. His train fare was much cheaper than Junko's fine. But he fell asleep and woke up at the Kobe station and had to pay a small fine for riding beyond his fare.
純平は新幹線で東京から大阪まで乗りました。電車代は純子の罰金よりずっと安かったのです。しかし居眠ってしまってやっと神戸駅で起きたので、乗り越しのために少しの罰金を払うことになりました。
Junko and Junpei got married. The price of Junko's wedding dress was 180,000 yen. She used her debit card. The rental fee for Junpei's tuxedo was 40,000 yen. He charged it to his credit card. The wedding ceremony cost 475,000 yen, including the fees for the officiator and the rent for the wedding chapel. Junpei paid for it in cash. The fees for recording the marriage at the town offices ran to about 2,000 yen.
純子と純平は結婚しました。純子のウェディングドレスの価格は１８万円でした。純子はデビットカードを使って払いました。純平のタキシードは４万円でレントしました。純平はクレジットカードを使って払いました。結婚式は、司会者と式場のレントの費用を含めて４７万５千円ほどかかりました。純平は現金で払いました。役所で、結婚の届出などの手数料はおよそ２千円かかりました。
For the honeymoon, they went to Hawaii and London. The hotel in Hawaii gave them a twenty percent newlywed discount. The hotel in London did not have a newlywed reduction. There were ghosts at the hotel in London, so they asked for a refund. But the hotel manager refused, saying the ghosts were part of the atmosphere, and part of the price.
ハネムーンに、ハワイとロンドンに行きました。ハワイのホテルは新婚割引をの祝いをくれたけど、ロンドンのホテルは新婚割引がなかった。幽霊が居ったから返金を頼んだけれども、マネジャーは幽霊がそのホテルの雰囲気の一分だったし、値段に含まれていたと説明して断りました。
So they played Uno with the ghosts until midnight.
真夜中まで幽霊と Uno を遊びました。
純平はクレジットカードを考えずに使えるのが楽に思っています。銀行の口座に十分のお金がなければ、後で返せばいいです。利子が付きすが。得に便利なのは、真夜中のおやつを買うときだと言っています。
Junko prefers debit cards because they don't incur interest. Also, because she has to put the money in before she uses the card, it helps her plan her use of money.
純子はデビットカード利子が付かないのが好きです。それに、カードを使う前にお金を先に入れる必要は、お金を計画的に使うのを助けるのです。
Junko bought a new dress at BiQlo with her debit card. The store gave her a receipt. The receipt says that she has paid for the dress.
純子、デビットカードを使ってバイクローで新しいドレスを買いました。お店にリシート（領収書）をもらいました。リシートは支払い済みになっていることを示しています。
Junpei bought a new laptop computer at Photobashiya Camera with his credit card. The store gave him a receipt, but fterwards he got a bill from the credit card company. The bill says that he must pay for the computer.
純平はクレジットカードを使って新しいラップトップコンピュータをフォト橋屋キャメラで買いました。お店にリシートをもらいましたが、その後はクレジットカード会社から請求書をもらいました。請求書は払わないといけないことを示しています。
Junpei went to London and bought a sandwich with a hundred euro note. He received a ten euro note, a five euro note, and fifty cent (euro) coin and a one cent (euro) coin in change.
純平はロンドン市に行って、百ユロー札を出したサンドウィッチを買いました。セントは百分の一です。この英語から、両替は何ユローでした？
Junko went to Hawaii and bought a sandwich with a twenty dollar bill. She received a ten dollar bill, a five dollar bill, and a half dollar (US) coin and a one cent (US) coin in change.
純子はハワイに行って、２０ドル札を出してサンドウィッチを買いました。この英語から、おつりは何ドルでした？
Junko drove from Tokyo to Osaka in six hours. She was caught speeding by the police near Itami city and had to pay a large fine.
純子は車に乗って、６時間で東京から大阪まで行きました。伊丹市の近辺に、速度違反で警察に捕まえられ、大罰金を払わないとダメでした。
Junpei road the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka. His train fare was much cheaper than Junko's fine. But he fell asleep and woke up at the Kobe station and had to pay a small fine for riding beyond his fare.
純平は新幹線で東京から大阪まで乗りました。電車代は純子の罰金よりずっと安かったのです。しかし居眠ってしまってやっと神戸駅で起きたので、乗り越しのために少しの罰金を払うことになりました。
Junko and Junpei got married. The price of Junko's wedding dress was 180,000 yen. She used her debit card. The rental fee for Junpei's tuxedo was 40,000 yen. He charged it to his credit card. The wedding ceremony cost 475,000 yen, including the fees for the officiator and the rent for the wedding chapel. Junpei paid for it in cash. The fees for recording the marriage at the town offices ran to about 2,000 yen.
純子と純平は結婚しました。純子のウェディングドレスの価格は１８万円でした。純子はデビットカードを使って払いました。純平のタキシードは４万円でレントしました。純平はクレジットカードを使って払いました。結婚式は、司会者と式場のレントの費用を含めて４７万５千円ほどかかりました。純平は現金で払いました。役所で、結婚の届出などの手数料はおよそ２千円かかりました。
For the honeymoon, they went to Hawaii and London. The hotel in Hawaii gave them a twenty percent newlywed discount. The hotel in London did not have a newlywed reduction. There were ghosts at the hotel in London, so they asked for a refund. But the hotel manager refused, saying the ghosts were part of the atmosphere, and part of the price.
ハネムーンに、ハワイとロンドンに行きました。ハワイのホテルは新婚割引をの祝いをくれたけど、ロンドンのホテルは新婚割引がなかった。幽霊が居ったから返金を頼んだけれども、マネジャーは幽霊がそのホテルの雰囲気の一分だったし、値段に含まれていたと説明して断りました。
So they played Uno with the ghosts until midnight.
真夜中まで幽霊と Uno を遊びました。
Wednesday, December 18, 2013
The 6th Lesson in Outline (14th December)
Again, we missed those who were too busy to come. Don't forget to come to the next class. (How were your tests, recitals, games, meets, etc.?)
また何人かが欠席して、残念に思いましたが、次回は是非忘れないでください。（試験、試合、発表などはどうでした？）
We started with page 59 element 1 as a bit of a preview, looking at pairs of words with similar meanings, and checking the differences.
最初はちょっとのプレビューとして 59ページの要素１に、似た意味の単語のペアを見て、その違いを考えました。
Then we returned to the homework on page 57, working through elements 6 - 9 as a class and trying to understand zero and first conditionals.
それで 57ページの要素６〜９を皆で確認し、条件文の第０と第一の場合を解こうとしました。
There was no one in the office, so I had to ask the custodial staff to turn the heating on.
事務所に誰もいなかったため公務員に暖房を付けるように頼みました。
There was no one in the office, so I had to ask the custodial staff to turn the heating on.
事務所に誰もいなかったため公務員に暖房を付けるように頼みました。
Then we listened to track 1.37, worked through the article on page 60 as a class, and listened to track 1.37 again. And we discussed the value of the expensive projects and items mentioned in the article in groups.
それから、トラック 1.37 を聞いて、 60ページの記事を皆で解いて 1.37をまた繰り返し聞きました。グループになって記事の高額な規格や品の価値を話し合いました。
Homework was elements 2 - 5 on page 59.
59ページの要素２〜５を宿題としました。
There was a suggestion for a class Christmas party. Unfortunately, I have not been able to clear using the classroom for such a purpose at this point. Please stay tuned.
クラスクリスマスパーティの提案はありましたが、申し訳ないことですが、部屋の利用については許可がまだとれていません。わかる次第お知らせします。
Thursday, December 12, 2013
Persuasion and Selling -- 誘導と売買 (updated)
- persuasion => 説得
- inducement => 誘導
But, here, "persuasion" is used more as a synonym for "inducement".
しかしここでは "persuasion" を「説得」の意味よりも、「誘導」のような意味に使っています。
Page 56 was basically all about the three articles with the orange background on p. 56, p, 77, and p. 78.
56ページはほとんど、 56, 77, 及び 78 ページの、橙色背景の3記事の内容を取り上げるものでした。
Here are some example answers to element 1:
要素１の見本答えの例文：
For 1.1:
Some supermarkets will tell you that their prices are cheaper than other supermarkets. Some supermarkets will tell you that their quality is better. Some will try to convince you that they have both cheap prices and good quality.
あるスーパーは、自分の値段が他よりも低いことを主張します。また、スーパーによって、品質を主張することがよくあります。また、あるスーパーは値段が低いことも品質が高いことも同時に納得させようとします。
Salespeople will try to convince you that you need something. If that fails, they may try to convince that they need you to buy from them because you can trust them.
営業人はその商品が必要であることを納得させるように努めるのです。その手が巧く行かなかった場合、自分が信頼できる人だから自分から買わなといけないことを納得させようとします。
Advertisements are generally more focused on getting you to notice the product, but they often focus on price and quality, too.
広告は商品を見てもらうために出しています。そして品質と値段をも照らされるのでしょう。
Here are some example answers to element 1:
要素１の見本答えの例文：
For 1.1:
Some supermarkets will tell you that their prices are cheaper than other supermarkets. Some supermarkets will tell you that their quality is better. Some will try to convince you that they have both cheap prices and good quality.
あるスーパーは、自分の値段が他よりも低いことを主張します。また、スーパーによって、品質を主張することがよくあります。また、あるスーパーは値段が低いことも品質が高いことも同時に納得させようとします。
Salespeople will try to convince you that you need something. If that fails, they may try to convince that they need you to buy from them because you can trust them.
営業人はその商品が必要であることを納得させるように努めるのです。その手が巧く行かなかった場合、自分が信頼できる人だから自分から買わなといけないことを納得させようとします。
Advertisements are generally more focused on getting you to notice the product, but they often focus on price and quality, too.
広告は商品を見てもらうために出しています。そして品質と値段をも照らされるのでしょう。
For 1.2:
I once bought a portable router from Docomo because they gave me a free lightweight portable computer to use with it.
一度、おまけに携帯できるコンピュータをくれるので、携帯ルータをドコモから買っちゃいました。
I have often looked at advertisements for computers or audio equipment, and wished. But I don't have enough many to do anything about my wishes.
コンピュータやステレオなどの広告を視て欲しいと思っていました。しかす、経済敵にはその望みを実現することにはお金は足りません。
For Element 2:
My wife is good at selling. I think she could sell anything to anyone, at anytime.
家の嫁は営業が上手い。いつでも、誰にも、何をも売れるほどに思います。
（"... sell anyone anything, anytime. " の語順でも成り立つ。）
Interest in other people is not just limited to sales work. Asking people about their hobbies, families, and/or lifestyles is often a good way to start a conversation.
人への関心は営業だけのことではないでしょう。大概は、対話が自然と始まらなければ、人の趣味やら家族やら人生の生き方をでも聞いてもいいです。
I think that mirroring the customer's body language may not be that great for sales work.
鏡になって顧客の身振り言語を反射することは営業に適していない化も知れません。
I wonder whether people in Japan buy seventy-five percent of their food in supermarkets.
日本に住んでいる人は食料の 75％ほどスーパーマーケットで買っているかが気になって考えています。
Playing music at home often helps me relax. The music some stores plays does the opposite.
家で音楽を流すのは結構精神的に楽になります。ある店で流れる曲はその反対です。
Wikipedia's history of shopping carts and their effect on sales in supermarkets is interesting. (We had a Piggly Wiggly store where I grew up in Texas. I never knew about the history.)
ウィキペディアによるショッピングカートの歴史とその買い物習慣への影響の解説を面白く思いました。（ボクのテキサス州のふるさとに ピグリーウィグリー は確かにありました。その歴史は知りませんでした。）
What do you think about celebrities appearing in advertising? Why should a celebrity promoting the product make a difference of ten percent?
有名人が広告に出ることについてどう思います？有名人の推薦によって十パーセントの差が出るのはどうしてでしょう？
What funny advertisements can you think of?
何らかのユーモアのセンスがあって面白い広告は思い出せますか？
If chocolate ads should make your mouth water, how about pizza? Sushi?
チョコレートの広告を見て唾が出るはずなら、ピザもそうですか？寿司は？
I once bought a portable router from Docomo because they gave me a free lightweight portable computer to use with it.
一度、おまけに携帯できるコンピュータをくれるので、携帯ルータをドコモから買っちゃいました。
I have often looked at advertisements for computers or audio equipment, and wished. But I don't have enough many to do anything about my wishes.
コンピュータやステレオなどの広告を視て欲しいと思っていました。しかす、経済敵にはその望みを実現することにはお金は足りません。
For Element 2:
My wife is good at selling. I think she could sell anything to anyone, at anytime.
家の嫁は営業が上手い。いつでも、誰にも、何をも売れるほどに思います。
（"... sell anyone anything, anytime. " の語順でも成り立つ。）
Interest in other people is not just limited to sales work. Asking people about their hobbies, families, and/or lifestyles is often a good way to start a conversation.
人への関心は営業だけのことではないでしょう。大概は、対話が自然と始まらなければ、人の趣味やら家族やら人生の生き方をでも聞いてもいいです。
I think that mirroring the customer's body language may not be that great for sales work.
鏡になって顧客の身振り言語を反射することは営業に適していない化も知れません。
I wonder whether people in Japan buy seventy-five percent of their food in supermarkets.
日本に住んでいる人は食料の 75％ほどスーパーマーケットで買っているかが気になって考えています。
Playing music at home often helps me relax. The music some stores plays does the opposite.
家で音楽を流すのは結構精神的に楽になります。ある店で流れる曲はその反対です。
Wikipedia's history of shopping carts and their effect on sales in supermarkets is interesting. (We had a Piggly Wiggly store where I grew up in Texas. I never knew about the history.)
ウィキペディアによるショッピングカートの歴史とその買い物習慣への影響の解説を面白く思いました。（ボクのテキサス州のふるさとに ピグリーウィグリー は確かにありました。その歴史は知りませんでした。）
What do you think about celebrities appearing in advertising? Why should a celebrity promoting the product make a difference of ten percent?
有名人が広告に出ることについてどう思います？有名人の推薦によって十パーセントの差が出るのはどうしてでしょう？
What funny advertisements can you think of?
何らかのユーモアのセンスがあって面白い広告は思い出せますか？
If chocolate ads should make your mouth water, how about pizza? Sushi?
チョコレートの広告を見て唾が出るはずなら、ピザもそうですか？寿司は？
The Black and White Section in the Back of the Book -- 教科書の後ろ辺の白黒セクションのこと
There is a black and white section in the back of the book.
教科書の後ろの辺に白黒のセクションがあります。
It has extra study material, with answers.
答え付きの追加分の教材あります。
Whether or not you make it to class, you should find the material in the back section, and the answers, very helpful in understanding the front section. It's worth the time to work on it, and I can answer questions by e-mail.
授業に出席できても、できなくても、後ろのセクションの資料と回答は役に立つと思います。前のセクションの理解を助けるでしょう。やってみるには価値がありますし、質問がありましたら Eメールで聞いてください。
(By the way, those who were busy with tests or otherwise couldn't make it last time, we missed you.)
（テストで忙しくて、またその他の理由で出席できなかった皆は今回参加できるとうれしく思っています。）
教科書の後ろの辺に白黒のセクションがあります。
It has extra study material, with answers.
答え付きの追加分の教材あります。
Whether or not you make it to class, you should find the material in the back section, and the answers, very helpful in understanding the front section. It's worth the time to work on it, and I can answer questions by e-mail.
授業に出席できても、できなくても、後ろのセクションの資料と回答は役に立つと思います。前のセクションの理解を助けるでしょう。やってみるには価値がありますし、質問がありましたら Eメールで聞いてください。
(By the way, those who were busy with tests or otherwise couldn't make it last time, we missed you.)
（テストで忙しくて、またその他の理由で出席できなかった皆は今回参加できるとうれしく思っています。）
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
Outline of 5th Lesson (7th December) (updated)
We started with element 1 of page 56 as a preview.
プレビューとして、56ページの要素１から始めた。
The topic was persuasion methods used in sales.
今回の話題は販売に利用される買わせる術でした。
プレビューとして、56ページの要素１から始めた。
The topic was persuasion methods used in sales.
今回の話題は販売に利用される買わせる術でした。
その次は前回の勉強を復習して宿題の答え合わせをしました。
Working from the questions in elements 2 and 3 on p. 51, we talked a little about Frank Abagnale's moral character, and about Joseph Shea's opinion of Abagnale.
51ページの要素２と３をもってフレンク・アバニャレ氏の性格を道徳の面で一緒に考えて、アバニャレ氏についてジョセフ・シェー氏が語ったのをも取り上げました。
We worked back through the phrasal verbs with "up" and "out", since there seemed to be some questions.
51ページの要素２と３をもってフレンク・アバニャレ氏の性格を道徳の面で一緒に考えて、アバニャレ氏についてジョセフ・シェー氏が語ったのをも取り上げました。
We worked back through the phrasal verbs with "up" and "out", since there seemed to be some questions.
疑問が残っているように思えたので、 "up" と "out" の複合句動詞を見直しました。
Also practiced tail intonation, p. 52 element 11 again.
それから、52ページの要素 11 を見て、もう一度上がり調子と下がり調子を練習しました。
それから、52ページの要素 11 を見て、もう一度上がり調子と下がり調子を練習しました。
After the homework, we checked "must" and "mustn't" and the inquisitive mood uses of "must (not)" and "(not) have to" in context, per page 54, element 5.
宿題終わってから、54ページの要素５にしたがって単語の "must" と "mustn't" 及び疑問調子文の "must (not)" と "(not) have to" を文の中に確認しました。
宿題終わってから、54ページの要素５にしたがって単語の "must" と "mustn't" 及び疑問調子文の "must (not)" と "(not) have to" を文の中に確認しました。
Then we discussed the three articles of element 3 in groups, and read and checked them for meaning as a class.
グループに別けて、要素３の記事を話し合ったら、暮らす全体でその記事を読んで確認しました。
Homework is p. 57, elements 7, 8, 9; also, please preview p. 58 and review the material we've covered so far.
Homework is p. 57, elements 7, 8, 9; also, please preview p. 58 and review the material we've covered so far.
宿題として、57ページの要素７、８、９をお願いします。また 58ページをプレビューし、ここまでのやってきた分を復習してください。
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
phrasal verbs with up and out -- up と out の複合動詞 (updated)
(I will try to translate and annotate, later. It's 1:00 AM, and I need to sleep.)
You can't simply drop out of jail. They don't let you.
You can't drop out of a finish line, although you can drop out of a race at the finish line.
It's hard to drop out of the ocean, because there's no place to drop to.
And it's hard to drop out of exams, because they come at the end of the course. It's possible, but the expression is not often used.
You can break up with any kind of partner -- a friend, a spouse, etc.
It's hard to break up with a relationship or a marriage, because that would mean that your partner was the marriage or the relationship.
You can break up a marriage, but it's not considered nice to cause a divorce.
You can break up a relationship, but breaking it off feels a little less violent.
You can make up after breaking off a relationship, but that's a different meaning than we are talking about here.
By definition, you can make up an excuse or a story, of course. So you could also make up a song or the plot of a play.
So you can also make up a story and act it out, as a play.
But if you make up acting, it seems like the acting is not real, is not acted. And that is confusing.
You can work out an answer. Figuring an answer out of a problem takes work.
And you can work out a problem, because when you are finished the problem is no longer a problem.
You can work out what a problem is, because the nature of a problem is a problem in and of itself.
You can work out at the gym or the spa, but what your are doing is working soreness and weakness out of your muscles.
A plan or a project can be worked out, right or wrong. And it seems a little strange, but it has become normal English to say that plans or projects work out right or wrong, as if these things worked themselves out. That way we can avoid assigning the blame when things work out wrong.
People can work out wrong, but what we mean when we say that is that the person in question couldn't make things work right in the role he or she was given. The role didn't work out right for that person.
A group of people can work out wrong, too, but that means that the relationship didn't work very well. Anyway, in these cases we are no longer talking about work as effort, but work as function.
But, usually, we don't like to blame people when things don't work out very well. So, rather than say
You can pick up a piece of paper or a pencil. No problem, right?
You can pick up Spanish, you can pick up information, and you can pick up a habit or a technique. Even though you can't get your hands on them, these are things that can stick to you.
A haircut is rather less tangible than even information. It's more something that someone does to you, more than something that becomes part of you. And your hair grows out, so the cut does not stay with you. So we generally don't talk about picking up a haircut. (Some people might, in their own personal dialect.)
You can run out of milk, money, and things to do. That's what happens when there is not enough.
But when you say you've run out, you are implying there was not enough. So it's a bit redundant to say you've run out of enough of something. It's not the enough that is lacking, it's the thing there is not enough of.
So, either you want to say
You can catch up with studies and you can catch up with another person.
("Catching up your studies" is a short way of saying "catching up with your studies," by the way.)
Now, can you catch up with yourself? Are you chasing yourself?
Actually, there are times when my thoughts get ahead of me. I find myself thinking things faster than I can understand them. And, when I come to an understanding of my thoughts, I might say I caught up with myself. But it's a poetic or philosophical expression, and not so commonly used.
The expression "end up" usually means to come to a particular end. So you can end up working as a doctor, or you can end up living with someone, or you can end up in a place, like Warsaw, Poland.
"End up" can also be used as an expression for "finish", but it is not very commonly used. But "ending up work as a doctor" would mean changing jobs from being a doctor to something else. Which is quite a different thing from "ending up working as a doctor." Almost opposite.
---------------
(Up and out is an idiom for escape by ascent. But that's not really relevant here. Well, anyway, ...)
（ここでは関係のない話なのですが、 "Up and out" とは、登って外へ出る脱出的な移動の熟語です。では、…）
Dropping out:
You know, it's hard to think of things you can't drop out of. You can drop out of a race or a school or a class, or just about anything with a course. You can also drop out of most things with a place to be in and a place to drop to.You can't simply drop out of jail. They don't let you.
You can't drop out of a finish line, although you can drop out of a race at the finish line.
It's hard to drop out of the ocean, because there's no place to drop to.
And it's hard to drop out of exams, because they come at the end of the course. It's possible, but the expression is not often used.
Breaking up with someone:
You can break up with any kind of partner -- a friend, a spouse, etc.
It's hard to break up with a relationship or a marriage, because that would mean that your partner was the marriage or the relationship.
You can break up a marriage, but it's not considered nice to cause a divorce.
You can break up a relationship, but breaking it off feels a little less violent.
Making something up:
You can make up after breaking off a relationship, but that's a different meaning than we are talking about here.
By definition, you can make up an excuse or a story, of course. So you could also make up a song or the plot of a play.
So you can also make up a story and act it out, as a play.
But if you make up acting, it seems like the acting is not real, is not acted. And that is confusing.
Working something out:
You can work out an answer. Figuring an answer out of a problem takes work.
And you can work out a problem, because when you are finished the problem is no longer a problem.
You can work out what a problem is, because the nature of a problem is a problem in and of itself.
You can work out at the gym or the spa, but what your are doing is working soreness and weakness out of your muscles.
A plan or a project can be worked out, right or wrong. And it seems a little strange, but it has become normal English to say that plans or projects work out right or wrong, as if these things worked themselves out. That way we can avoid assigning the blame when things work out wrong.
People can work out wrong, but what we mean when we say that is that the person in question couldn't make things work right in the role he or she was given. The role didn't work out right for that person.
A group of people can work out wrong, too, but that means that the relationship didn't work very well. Anyway, in these cases we are no longer talking about work as effort, but work as function.
But, usually, we don't like to blame people when things don't work out very well. So, rather than say
We worked out wrong.we would prefer to say,
Things didn't work out [well] between us.
Picking something up:
You can pick up a piece of paper or a pencil. No problem, right?
You can pick up Spanish, you can pick up information, and you can pick up a habit or a technique. Even though you can't get your hands on them, these are things that can stick to you.
A haircut is rather less tangible than even information. It's more something that someone does to you, more than something that becomes part of you. And your hair grows out, so the cut does not stay with you. So we generally don't talk about picking up a haircut. (Some people might, in their own personal dialect.)
Running out of something:
You can run out of milk, money, and things to do. That's what happens when there is not enough.
But when you say you've run out, you are implying there was not enough. So it's a bit redundant to say you've run out of enough of something. It's not the enough that is lacking, it's the thing there is not enough of.
So, either you want to say
We ran out of milk.or
There was not enough milk.
Catching up with something or someone:
You can catch up with studies and you can catch up with another person.
("Catching up your studies" is a short way of saying "catching up with your studies," by the way.)
Now, can you catch up with yourself? Are you chasing yourself?
Actually, there are times when my thoughts get ahead of me. I find myself thinking things faster than I can understand them. And, when I come to an understanding of my thoughts, I might say I caught up with myself. But it's a poetic or philosophical expression, and not so commonly used.
Ending up doing or being something:
The expression "end up" usually means to come to a particular end. So you can end up working as a doctor, or you can end up living with someone, or you can end up in a place, like Warsaw, Poland.
"End up" can also be used as an expression for "finish", but it is not very commonly used. But "ending up work as a doctor" would mean changing jobs from being a doctor to something else. Which is quite a different thing from "ending up working as a doctor." Almost opposite.
---------------
(Up and out is an idiom for escape by ascent. But that's not really relevant here. Well, anyway, ...)
（ここでは関係のない話なのですが、 "Up and out" とは、登って外へ出る脱出的な移動の熟語です。では、…）
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